Resumen. El presente artículo posee dos objetivos concretos. Primero, demostrar que el teorema que se encuentra en Metafísica Θ 9, 1051a24-27, no es equivalente a la Proposición 32 de Euclides (contradiciendo a algunos comentaristas de Aristóteles, como W. D. Ross, J. L. Heiberg y T. L. Heith). Coincidiendo con el análisis de Henry Mendell, defiendo que los dos teoremas no son equivalentes; sin embargo, ofrezco diferentes razones para dicha divergencia: propongo una razón pedagógicofilosófica para que el teorema aristotélico sea más corto que el de Euclides (y que versiones previas del propio Aristóteles). El Estagirita desea enfatizar al procedimiento deductivo como un método satisfactorio para descubrir conocimientos científicos. El segundo objetivo, que se opone a un cierto consenso existente sobre las deducciones geométricas en Aristóteles, es proponer brevemente que el teorema, tal y como lo encontramos en la Metafísica y sin necesidad de ninguna enmienda al texto (oponiéndome a las enmiendas sugeridas por Henry Mendell), permite a Aristóteles demostrar que el conocimiento matemático universal está en potencia en las figuras geométricas. Esta propuesta tentativamente prueba que Aristóteles enfatiza que la deducción geométrica es suficiente para actualizar al conocimiento matemático.

Abstract. This paper has two specific goals. The first is to demonstrate that the theorem in Metaphysics Θ 9, 1051a24-27 is not equivalent to Euclid’s Proposition 32 of book I (which contradicts some Aristotelian commentators, such as W. D. Ross, J. L. Heiberg, and T. L. Heith). Agreeing with Henry Mendell’s analysis, I argue that the two theorems are not equivalent, but I offer different reasons for such divergence: I propose a pedagogical-philosophical reason for the Aristotelian theorem being shorter than the Euclidean one (and the previous Aristotelian versions). Aristotle wants to emphasize the deductive procedure as a satisfactory method to discover scientific knowledge. The second objective, opposing some consensus about geometrical deductions/theorems in Aristotle, is to briefly propose that the theorem, exactly as we found it in Metaphysics and without any emendation to the text (therefore opposing Henry Mendell’s suggested amendments), allows the ancient philosopher to demonstrate that universal mathematical knowledge is in potence in geometrical figures. This tentatively proves that Aristotle emphasizes that geometrical deduction is sufficient to actualize mathematical knowledge.

Abstract In this article, we emphasize that counting years, by scholars or readers of texts whose objective is to critically and truthfully narrate-interpret history, is epistemologically essential to authentically understand and learn from such texts. The counting-reading (- awareness) of the years that certain history texts refer to, is a topic that has been overlooked by many well-known theoretical historians such as Hayden White, François Hartog, and Hans-George Gadamer. Therefore, our purpose is to emphasize an (obvious) epistemological process whose importance is overlooked and insufficiently analyzed. We argue that any text that attempts to truthfully narrate and interpret how the human past happened loses its "raison d'être" if its reader neither counts nor is aware of the years in which the narrated events take place; thus, to pragmatically refer to such concrete counting -reading of years we propose a neologism. Moreover, we "verify" and exemplify our propositions by analyzing some texts by the classic Mexican historian Justo Sierra Méndez. Finally, we briefly reflect through the comparative method on how counting the years of narrated historical processes can also be essential in the understanding of the so-called "historical" literature.

Resumen En el presente artículo subrayamos que la contabilización de los años, por parte del lector o estudioso de textos cuyo objetivo es narrar-interpretar crítica y verazmente la historia, es epistemológicamente esencial para comprender con autenticidad, y aprender de tales textos. La contabilización-lectura(-consciencia) de los años que refiere ciertos textos sobre historia es un tópico que ha sido pasado por alto por muchos conocidos teóricos de la historia, incluyendo a reconocidos especialistas como Hayden White, François Hartog o Hans-George Gadamer. Por ende, nuestro propósito aquí es enfatizar un proceso epistemológico (evidente) cuya importancia se obvia y no se analiza lo suficiente. Sostenemos pues que cualquier texto que intenta narrar e interpretar verazmente cómo sucedió el pasado humano pierde su “razón de ser” si su lector ni contabiliza ni está consciente de los años en que transcurren los hechos narrados, por ende, para pragmáticamente referirnos a tal concreta contabilización-lectura de años propondremos un neologismo. Posteriormente “verificamos” y ejemplificamos nuestras proposiciones analizando algunos textos del ya clásico historiador mexicano Justo Sierra Méndez. Por último, reflexionamos someramente mediante el método comparativo, sobre cómo en la literatura llamada “histórica” también puede ser indispensable, para comprenderla, la contabilización de fechas de los procesos históricos narrados.

Résumé: Dans le présent article, nous soulignons que la comptabilisation des années, par le lecteur ou le spécialiste de textes dont l’objectif est de raconter-interpréter de façon critique et véridique l’histoire, est épistémologiquement essentielle pour comprendre et apprendre de tels textes. La comptabilisation-lecture(-conscience) des années rapportées par certains textes sur l’histoire est un sujet qui a été négligé par de nombreux théoriciens de l’histoire bien connus, y compris des spécialistes reconnus comme Hayden White, François Hartog ou Hans-George Gadamer. Notre but ici est donc de mettre l’accent sur un processus épistémologique (évident) dont l’importance est évidente et insuffisamment analysée. Nous maintenons donc que tout texte qui tente de raconter et d’interpréter honnêtement comment le passé humain s’est produit perd sa "raison d’être" si son lecteur ne comptabilise ni n’est conscient des années au cours desquelles se déroulent les faits relatés, par conséquent, pour faire référence de façon pragmatique à un tel concret comptage-lecture des années, nous proposerons un néologisme. Nous avons ensuite "vérifié" et illustré nos propositions en analysant certains textes de l’historien mexicain déjà classique Justo Sierra Méndez. Enfin, nous réfléchissons sommairement, par la méthode comparative, sur la façon dont la littérature dite "historique" peut aussi être indispensable, pour la comprendre, la comptabilisation des dates des processus historiques racontés.

Streszczenie Wtym artykule podkreślamy, że liczenie lat przez czytelnika lub badacza tekstów, których celem jest krytyczna i prawdziwa interpretacja historii, jest epistemologicznie niezbędne do zrozumienia z autentycznością i uczenia się z takich tekstów. Rachunkowość-czytanie (-świadomość) lat, o których wspominają niektóre teksty z historii, to temat, który został pominięty przez wielu znanych teoretyków historii, w tym uznanych specjalistów, takich jak Hayden White, François Hartog czy Hans-George Gadamer. Dlatego naszym celem jest podkreślenie epistemologicznego (oczywistego) procesu, którego znaczenie jest ignorowane i niewystarczająco analizowane. Dlatego utrzymujemy, że każdy tekst, który próbuje opowiedzieć i zinterpretować zgodnie z prawdą, jak wydarzyła się ludzka przeszłość, traci swoją "rację bytu", jeśli jego czytelnik ani nie liczy, ani nie jest świadomy lat, w których mają miejsce opowiadane wydarzenia, dlatego pragmatycznie odnosząc się do tak konkretnej księgowości lat, zaproponujemy neologizm. Później "zweryfikowaliśmy" i zilustrowaliśmy nasze twierdzenia, analizując niektóre teksty klasycznego meksykańskiego historyka Justo Sierra Méndeza. Na koniec zastanawiamy się pokrótce metodą porównawczą nad tym, jak w tak zwanej literaturze "historycznej" może być również niezbędne, aby ją zrozumieć, rozliczanie dat opowiadanych procesów historycznych.

Abstract: Objective: Describe the prevalence of breast cancer (BC)-associated germline pathogenic variants (PVs) among Mexican patients with triple-negative BC (TNBC). Materials and methods: The spectrum of PVs identified among patients with TNBC who were enrolled in a prospective registry and underwent genetic testing was analyzed. Results: Of 387 patients with invasive TNBC and a median age at diagnosis of 39 years (range 21-72), 113 (29%) were carriers of PVs in BC-susceptibility genes: BRCA1 (79%), BRCA2 (15%), and other (6%: ATM, BRIP1, PALB2, PTEN, RAD51C, and TP53). PV carriers were younger at BC diagnosis (37 vs. 40 years, p=0.004) than non-carriers. Conclusion: A large proportion of TNBC in Mexican patients is associated with germline PVs, the vast majority in BRCA. The incremental yield of PVs in other BC-susceptibility genes was modest, and a stepwise approach starting with BRCA testing may be justified if it is more cost-effective than multigene panel testing.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de variantes patógenas (VPs) germinales en genes asociados con cáncer de mama (CM) en pacientes mexicanos con CM triple negativo (CMTN). Material y métodos: Se analizó el espectro de VPs identificadas en pacientes con CMTN que fueron incluidos prospectivamente en un registro y se realizó un estudio genético. Resultados: Se analizó un total de 387 pacientes con una mediana de edad al diagnóstico de 39 años; 113 (29%) eran portadores de VPs en genes de susceptibilidad a CM: BRCA1 (79%), BRCA2(15%), y otros (6%: ATM, BRIP1, PALB2, PTEN, RAD51C y TP53). Los portadores de VPs eran más jóvenes al diagnóstico de CM (37 vs. 40 años, p=0.004). Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de VPs en pacientes mexicanos con CMTN y la mayoría se encuentra en genes BRCA. La realización de pruebas genéticas se puede optimizar mediante la adopción de un proceso escalonado para la detección de VPs.

The hydrogenation of α-oximinoketones in methanol/HCl afforded α-aminoketones, which were applied without purification to the synthesis of 4-imidazolin-2-ones and 2-thiones, including chiral derivatives. The latter two series were obtained in high yields by a heteroannulation reaction of α-aminoketones with isocyanates and isothiocyanates, respectively. A double condensation of the α-aminoketones with two mol equivalents of the isocyanates produced a series of 4,5-dialkyl-N,3-diaryl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-1-carboxamides. With isothiocyanates, a single condensation reaction furnished a series of 4,5-dialkyl-1-aryl-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thiones, which underwent alkylation with alkyl halides to form the corresponding 1-aryl-2-thioalkyl-1H imidazoles in high yields.

RESUMO Entre o terror e a acumulação social do medo: Governança criminal em três cidades paraguaias fronteiriças com Argentina e Brasil analisa e compara a governança criminal que condiciona a rotina e as atividades dos moradores e operadores do sistema de justiça e segurança em três cidades fronteiriças. Estratégias etnográficas como observações, entrevistas e conversas informais identificaram os atores, os bens e os serviços que exploram e os mecanismos de interação institucional e social. Eles atuam impunemente nesses territórios por meio da aquisição de mercadorias políticas, da infiltração institucional e de diversos mecanismos de coerção baseados na violência simbólica e brutal, bem como do acionamento de processos sancionadores criminais e disciplinares que geram terror e acumulam medo social.

ABSTRACT This article analyses and compares the operation of the criminal governance that conditions the routine and activities of the residents and the justice and security system officials of three border cities. Ethnographic strategies, such as observation, interviews, and informal conversations identified the actors, the goods, and services they exploit, as well as the mechanisms of institutional and social interaction. They act with impunity in these territories due to the control of political commodities, institutional infiltration and different mechanisms of coercion based on symbolic and brutal violence, and the engagement of criminal and disciplinary sanctioning processes, which generate terror and accumulate social fear.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza y compara de qué manera opera la gobernanza criminal que condiciona la rutina y actividades de pobladores y operadores del sistema de justicia y seguridad en tres ciudades fronterizas. Estrategias etnográficas, tales como observaciones, entrevistas y conversaciones informales identificaron a los actores, las mercancías y servicios que explotan, así como los mecanismos de interacción institucional y social. Actúan con impunidad en estos territorios debido a la adquisición de mercancías políticas, infiltración institucional y distintos mecanismos de coerción basados en la violencia simbólica y brutal, y la activación de procesos penales y disciplinarios sancionatorios, que generan terror y acumulan el miedo social.

Resumen En 2018 ACNUR cifró en 40 millones los desplazados internos, 25,4 millones los refugiados y 3,1 millones los solicitantes de asilo internacional (ACNUR-España, 2018), suponiendo la mayor crisis de refugiados desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Los flujos de desplazados, fundamentalmente de sur a norte y de este a oeste y en frontera, han aumentado en las dos últimas décadas, al tiempo que se han producido cambios en la legislación de los Estados receptores para limitar el derecho de asilo y la acogida de refugiados, como es el caso de los miembros de la UE. Las restricciones, factores y causas en origen (guerra, discriminación, persecución de parte de la población, etc.), han generado mudanzas en la procedencia de los solicitantes, pero también de las concesiones de figuras de protección internacional. En España es posible analizar a través de fuentes oficiales (Ministerio del Interior) los cambios habidos en la procedencia de las solicitudes de asilo y en las concesiones de protección internacional en el período 2008-2018, lo que permite establecer correlaciones entre causas y factores internos y externos. En su conjunto, se observan cambios en el origen de los solicitantes debido a la extensión de los conflictos armados (Siria, Irak), la crisis institucional (Venezuela) o las restricciones en países tradicionales de asilo (El Salvador, Honduras), y cómo están cambiando las preferencias de acogida en España como Estado receptor.

Abstract In 2018, UNHCR numbered 40 million internally displaced persons, 25.4 million refugees and 3.1 million international asylum seekers (UNHCR-Spain, 2018), effectively equating to the largest refugee crisis since World War II. The flow of displaced individuals, mainly from south to north and from east to west, and across international borders, has increased in the past two decades whilst legislation changes occur in the receiving states as a response to limit the right of asylum and refugee reception, as is the case in EU member states. Restrictions, factors and multiple causes (war, discrimination, population persecution, etc.), not only has generated the displacement of applicants from their countries of origin, but has also modified the nature of concession of international protection. In Spain, it is possible to analyze, through official sources (i.e. Ministry of the Interior), the trend in evolution of the countries of origin as stated in asylum applications and international protection concessions filed during the period 2008-2018, thus facilitating the formulation of correlations between causes and internal and external factors. As a whole, changes of the country of origin of applicants are evidenced as a consequence of the expansion of armed conflicts (Syria, Iraq), institutional crises (Venezuela), restrictions imposed by traditional asylum countries (El Salvador, Honduras), and also the shift in reception preferences emerging in Spain as receiving state.

Abstract: The phenomena involved in the interaction between electrons and matter are suitable signals for the study of nanoparticles. Each type of interaction is explained to know in detail the characteristics of nanomaterials such as: shape, size, crystallinity and composition. This work briefly describes the architecture and specific characteristics of three transmission electron microscopes, with the aim of demonstrating how the physical properties of nanomaterials can be studied and determined using techniques related to these instruments. A systematic and detailed study of two types of nanoparticles is also presented, specifically interpreting each experimental results obtained with different capacities of each electron microscopes used. The methodologies exposed in the materials characterization are reinforced with the inclusion of diverse nanomaterials studies.

Resumen: Los fenómenos involucrados en la interacción de electrones con la materia son señales adecuadas para el estudio de nanopartículas. Se explica cada tipo de interacción para conocer en detalle las características de los nanomateriales como: la forma, el tamaño, la cristalinidad y la composición. En este trabajo, se describen brevemente la arquitectura y las características específicas de tres microscopios electrónicos de transmisión con el objetivo de demostrar cómo se puede estudiar y determinar las propiedades físicas de los nanomateriales utilizando técnicas involucradas con estos instrumentos. También se presenta un estudio sistemático y detallado de dos tipos de nanopartículas, interpretando específicamente cada resultado experimental obtenido con diferentes capacidades de cada microscopio electrónico utilizado. Se refuerzan las metodologías expuestas en la caracterización de los materiales incluyendo, como ejemplos, varios estudios de nanomateriales

ABSTRACT: This study explores how the didactic model used by three secondary school teachers conditions the relationships between the elements that make up the classroom system. We start from the hypothesis that the classroom system is articulated around a series of elements as a structure. These elements would be: the textbook, the homework, the exam and the didactic model of the teacher that, in some way, gives coherence and integrates the rest. A qualitative methodology of participant observation with case analysis strategy has been used, and the results show us three secondary education classrooms in which the different elements of the classroom-system form a structure whose elements are related by laws of internal composition. Teachers' management of these elements is linked to the maintenance of order and classroom governance.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio se plantea explorar cómo el modelo didáctico utilizado por tres profesores de educación secundaria condiciona las relaciones entre los elementos que constituyen el sistema-aula. Partimos de la hipótesis de que el sistema-aula se articula en torno a una serie de elementos a modo de estructura. Estos elementos serían: el libro de texto, las tareas y deberes escolares, el examen y el modelo didáctico del profesor que, de alguna manera, da coherencia e integra al resto. Se ha utilizado una metodología cualitativa, de observación participante con estrategia de análisis de caso y los resultados nos muestran tres aulas de educación secundaria en las que los distintos elementos del sistema-aula forman una estructura cuyos elementos están relacionados por unas leyes de composición interna. La gestión que hacen los profesores de estos elementos aparece vinculada al mantenimiento del orden y al gobierno del aula.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Strengthening the HIV AIDS prevention strategy in Cuba includes mainstreaming a gender strategy as a fundamental approach to actions. Objective: Characterize the incorporation of the gender approach in the evolution of HIV/AIDS prevention and control strategies in Cuba. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted from January to June 2015. Triangulation was performed of data obtained from official documents of the Cuban HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Program and from interviews with experts. Analysis was based on an inductive and deductive strategy supported by the software QSR Nvivo10. Results: Three key moments were identified in the incorporation of a gender approach into the national response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba. Important elements include the work with women and with men who have sex with men as vulnerable groups, and the eventual incorporation of gender initiatives in support of the educational component of the national strategy. Conclusions: Incorporation of the gender perspective into HIV/AIDS prevention policies sheds light on the mechanisms that reproduce gender gaps and makes it possible to devise concrete actions aimed at reducing inequality.

RESUMEN Introducción: El fortalecimiento de la estrategia de prevención de VIH/sida en Cuba incluye la transversalización de una estrategia de género como enfoque fundamental de las acciones. Objetivo: Caracterizar la inclusión del enfoque de género en la evolución de las estrategias de prevención y control del VIH/sida en Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo desde enero a junio de 2015. Se triangularon datos de documentos oficiales del Programa de Prevención y Control de VIH/sida en Cuba y de entrevistas a expertos. Se utilizó una estrategia inductiva y deductiva de análisis con el programa QSR Nvivo10. Resultados: Se identificaron tres momentos claves en la incorporación de un enfoque de género en la respuesta nacional a la epidemia de VIH/sida en Cuba. Como elementos importantes se encontró el trabajo con hombres que tienen sexo con hombres y mujeres como grupos vulnerables y, posteriormente, la inclusión de iniciativas de género en apoyo al componente educativo de la estrategia nacional. Conclusiones: La inclusión de la perspectiva de género en las políticas de prevención aporta claridad sobre los mecanismos que reproducen las brechas de género y permite plantear acciones concretas para la reducción de estas desigualdades.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar uma revisãoda literatura a fim de identificar os fatores psicossociais que estavam atrelados a algum risco na gestação. Os artigos foram escolhidos através de quatro bases de dados. Após passar pelos critérios de inclusão, 60 artigos foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo. Entre os resultados encontrados, destaca-se que em relação a amostra final, 61,67% das pesquisas foram realizadas nos EUA enquanto o Brasil apareceu em segunda posição, representando 5%. O maior número de publicações concentrava-se no ano de 2011 (23,33%) e observou-se uma queda em 2015 (11,67%). No que se refere as revistas as quais os artigos foram publicados, 63% pertenciam a área médica, enquanto a psicologia representou apenas cinco revistas (12%). 75% dos artigos apontaram o consumo de substâncias, 66,67% citaram a depressão e 46,67% a ansiedade. Além dessas comorbidades, outros elementos foram identificados, tais como a violência doméstica (17%). Apesar dos estudos apontarem que é possível identificar a prevalência de determinados riscos psicossociais durante a gestação, pesquisas futuras e discussões sobre a temática são indicados a fim de proporcionar medidas preventivas e promotoras de saúde da mulher.

The objective of this research was to accomplish a revision of the literature to identify the psychosocial factors related to gestation risks. The articles were chosen through four databases. After passing the inclusion criteria, 60 articles were analyzed through descriptive statistics and content analysis. Among the findings, it is emphasized that in relation with the final sample, 61,67% of the researches were conducted in the USA while Brazil appeared in the second position, representing 5,00%. The largest number of publications concentrate in the year of 2011(23,33%) and there was a fall in 2015 (11,67%). As regards the magazines which the articles were published, 63% belong to the medical field, while psychology represented only five magazines (12%). And 75% of the articles pointed the use of substances, 66,67% mentioned depression and 46,67% the anxiety. In addition to these comorbidities, other elements were identified, such as domestic violence (17%). Although the studies suggest that it is possible to identify the prevalence of determined psychosocial risks during pregnancy, future research and discussions on the subject are given in order to provide preventive measures and promoting women's health.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar uma revisãoda literatura a fim de identificar os fatores psicossociais que estavam atrelados a algum risco na gestação. Os artigos foram escolhidos através de quatro bases de dados. Após passar pelos critérios de inclusão, 60 artigos foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo. Entre os resultados encontrados, destaca-se que em relação a amostra final, 61,67% das pesquisas foram realizadas nos EUA enquanto o Brasil apareceu em segunda posição, representando 5%. O maior número de publicações concentrava-se no ano de 2011 (23,33%) e observou-se uma queda em 2015 (11,67%). No que se refere as revistas as quais os artigos foram publicados, 63% pertenciam a área médica, enquanto a psicologia representou apenas cinco revistas (12%). 75% dos artigos apontaram o consumo de substâncias, 66,67% citaram a depressão e 46,67% a ansiedade. Além dessas comorbidades, outros elementos foram identificados, tais como a violência doméstica (17%). Apesar dos estudos apontarem que é possível identificar a prevalência de determinados riscos psicossociais durante a gestação, pesquisas futuras e discussões sobre a temática são indicados a fim de proporcionar medidas preventivas e promotoras de saúde da mulher.

The objective of this research was to accomplish a revision of the literature to identify the psychosocial factors related to gestation risks. The articles were chosen through four databases. After passing the inclusion criteria, 60 articles were analyzed through descriptive statistics and content analysis. Among the findings, it is emphasized that in relation with the final sample, 61,67% of the researches were conducted in the USA while Brazil appeared in the second position, representing 5,00%. The largest number of publications concentrate in the year of 2011(23,33%) and there was a fall in 2015 (11,67%). As regards the magazines which the articles were published, 63% belong to the medical field, while psychology represented only five magazines (12%). And 75% of the articles pointed the use of substances, 66,67% mentioned depression and 46,67% the anxiety. In addition to these comorbidities, other elements were identified, such as domestic violence (17%). Although the studies suggest that it is possible to identify the prevalence of determined psychosocial risks during pregnancy, future research and discussions on the subject are given in order to provide preventive measures and promoting women's health.

Resumo Fragilidade é um estado de vulnerabilidade fisiológica multissistêmica relacionada à idade e a um risco aumentado de desfechos adversos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à fragilidade no estudo FIBRA em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Selecionou-se uma amostra aleatória, estratificada por unidade territorial, sexo e idade, de 461 indivíduos, com 65 anos ou mais. A fragilidade foi estabelecida pela presença de três ou mais de cinco itens: sensação de exaustão, baixa força de preensão manual, velocidade da marcha lenta, perda de peso e baixo gasto calórico. A média de idade foi de 74,4 anos (DP± 6,8), 69,6% eram mulheres e 71,9% brancos. A prevalência de fragilidade foi de 5,2%; 49,9% foram de indivíduos pré-frágeis. Idade avançada (OR: 6,4; IC 1,76-23,8), comprometimento das atividades básicas de vida diária (OR: 5,2; IC 1,1-23,1) e auto percepção de saúde ruim (OR: 0,13; IC 0,03-0,4), foram associados à fragilidade. No presente estudo, um número substancial de indivíduos apresentou-se frágil, enquanto que metade da amostra estava sob risco de progressão para esta condição, sugerindo que é urgente a adoção de medidas de saúde pública com objetivo de prevenção e redução de complicações.

Abstract Frailty is a state of multisystem physiological vulnerability related to aging and an increased risk of adverse outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of frailty in the Fibra-JF Study, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We selected a random sample of 461 individuals aged 65 years or more stratified by territorial unit, gender and age. The frailty syndrome was established by the presence of three or more of five items: a feeling of exhaustion, low handgrip strength, slow gait speed, weight loss, and low caloric expenditure. The mean age was 74.4 (SD ± 6.8) years, 69.6% were women and 71.9% white. The prevalence of frailty was 5.2%; 49.9% was from pre-frail subjects. Advanced age (OR: 6.4; CI 1.76-23.8), impairment of the basic activities of daily living (OR: 5.2, CI 1.1-23.1) and self-perception of poor health (OR: 0.13, CI 0.03-0.4) were associated with frailty. In this study, a substantial number of individuals was classified as frail, while half of the sample was at risk of progression towards this condition, suggesting that it is urgent to adopt public health measures focused on frailty prevention and reduction of associated adverse health outcomes.

Resumo Fragilidade é um estado de vulnerabilidade fisiológica multissistêmica relacionada à idade e a um risco aumentado de desfechos adversos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à fragilidade no estudo FIBRA em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Selecionou-se uma amostra aleatória, estratificada por unidade territorial, sexo e idade, de 461 indivíduos, com 65 anos ou mais. A fragilidade foi estabelecida pela presença de três ou mais de cinco itens: sensação de exaustão, baixa força de preensão manual, velocidade da marcha lenta, perda de peso e baixo gasto calórico. A média de idade foi de 74,4 anos (DP± 6,8), 69,6% eram mulheres e 71,9% brancos. A prevalência de fragilidade foi de 5,2%; 49,9% foram de indivíduos pré-frágeis. Idade avançada (OR: 6,4; IC 1,76-23,8), comprometimento das atividades básicas de vida diária (OR: 5,2; IC 1,1-23,1) e auto percepção de saúde ruim (OR: 0,13; IC 0,03-0,4), foram associados à fragilidade. No presente estudo, um número substancial de indivíduos apresentou-se frágil, enquanto que metade da amostra estava sob risco de progressão para esta condição, sugerindo que é urgente a adoção de medidas de saúde pública com objetivo de prevenção e redução de complicações.

Abstract Frailty is a state of multisystem physiological vulnerability related to aging and an increased risk of adverse outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of frailty in the Fibra-JF Study, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We selected a random sample of 461 individuals aged 65 years or more stratified by territorial unit, gender and age. The frailty syndrome was established by the presence of three or more of five items: a feeling of exhaustion, low handgrip strength, slow gait speed, weight loss, and low caloric expenditure. The mean age was 74.4 (SD ± 6.8) years, 69.6% were women and 71.9% white. The prevalence of frailty was 5.2%; 49.9% was from pre-frail subjects. Advanced age (OR: 6.4; CI 1.76-23.8), impairment of the basic activities of daily living (OR: 5.2, CI 1.1-23.1) and self-perception of poor health (OR: 0.13, CI 0.03-0.4) were associated with frailty. In this study, a substantial number of individuals was classified as frail, while half of the sample was at risk of progression towards this condition, suggesting that it is urgent to adopt public health measures focused on frailty prevention and reduction of associated adverse health outcomes.

Resumen Empleando un prototipo de reactor, se sintetizaron nanopartículas (NPs) de CuO a través del método de precipitación a partir de CuSO25H2O y de Cu(CH3COO)2H2O. Las NPs obtenidas fueron caracterizadas mediante XRD, FT-IR, TEM y SEM. La actividad antimicrobiana de las NPs se determinó mediante el método de difusión en placa, colocando 20 mg de NPs de CuO sobre cuatro cepas intrahospitalarias o nosocomiales aisladas de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital nacional de Lima norte (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aerococcus viridans, Ochrobactrum anthropi y Micrococcus lylae). La caracterización de las NPs de CuO demostró que las sintetizadas a partir de acetato (CuO-Acet) presentaron una fase pura de CuO, mientras que las sintetizadas a partir de sulfato (CuO-Sulf) presentaron dos fases, donde la de CuO representó más del 84%. Los dominios cristalinos del CuO-Acet y CuO-Sulf fueron 15 y 19 nm, respectivamente. Los halos de inhibición de las cepas estudiadas fueron mayores para las NPs de CuO-Sulf que para las NPs de CuO-Acet; solo para la cepa Ochrobactrum anthropi se presentaron halos similares para ambos tipos de NPs.

Abstract Using a prototype reactor, CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthetized through the precipitation method, starting from CuSO2 5H2O and Cu(CH3COO)2H2O. The obtained NPs were characterized by XDR, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM. The antimicrobial activity of the NPs was determined by the plate diffusion method, placing 20 mg of NPs onto four nosocomial strains obtained from north Lima national hospital Intensive-Care Unit (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aerococcus viridans, Ochrobactrum anthropic, and Micrococcus lylae). NPs characterization revealed that those synthetized from acetate (CuO-Acet) shown pure CuO phase, while those synthetized from sulphate CuO-Sulf shown two phases where CuO was the predominant one, having more than 84%. The crystal domains for CuO-Acet and CuO-Sulf were 15 and 19 nm, respectively. The inhibition halos for the studied strains were larger for CuO-Sulf NPs than CuO-Acet NPs, only Ochrobactrum anthropi displayed similar inhibition halos for both types of NPs.

Resumo Usando um protótipo de reator, sintetizaram-se nanopartículas (NPs) de CuO pelo método de precipitação a partir de CuSO25H2O e de Cu(CH3COO)2H2O. As NPs obtidas foram caracterizadas por meio das seguintes técnicas: XRD, FT-IR, TEM e SEM. A atividade antimicrobiana das NPs foi determinada pelo método de difusão em placa, colocando 20 mg de NPs de CuO sobre quatro cepas nosocomiais isoladas de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva no hospital nacional de Lima norte (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aerococcus viridans, Ochrobactrum anthropic e Micrococcus lylae). A caracterização das NPs de CuO mostrou que as nanopartículas sintetizadas a partir do acetato (CuO-Acet) apresentavam uma fase pura de CuO, enquanto que as sintetizadas a partir do sulfato (CuO-Sulf), apresentaram duas fases sendo a fase maior de CuO, com mais de 84%. Os domínios cristalinos de CuO-Acet y CuO-Sulf foram 15 e 19 nm, respectivamente. Os halos de inibição das cepas estudadas foram maiores para as NPs de CuO-Sulf do que as NPs de CuO-Acet somente para a cepa Ochrobactrum anthropi, apresentaram-se halos de inibição parecidos.